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Prothallus of the tree fern Dicksonia antarctica (note new moss plants for scale) Spore-bearing plants , like all plants, go through a life-cycle of alternation of generations . The fully grown sporophyte , what is commonly referred to as the fern , produces genetically unique spores in the sori by meiosis .
Land plants evolved from a group of freshwater green algae, perhaps as early as 850 mya, [3] but algae-like plants might have evolved as early as 1 billion years ago. [2] The closest living relatives of land plants are the charophytes, specifically Charales; if modern Charales are similar to the distant ancestors they share with land plants, this means that the land plants evolved from a ...
Thylakoid formation requires light. In the plant embryo and in the absence of light, proplastids develop into etioplasts that contain semicrystalline membrane structures called prolamellar bodies. When exposed to light, these prolamellar bodies develop into thylakoids. This does not happen in seedlings grown in the dark, which undergo ...
The location of the Great Attractor was finally determined in 1986: It is situated at a distance of somewhere between 150 and 250 Mly (million light-years) (47–79 Mpc), the larger being the most recent estimate, away from the Milky Way, in the direction of the constellations Triangulum Australe (The Southern Triangle) and Norma (The Carpenter ...
The one spore cell can now divide into two and continue to develop into a small heart-shaped object called ‘prothallus’, [12] which looks very similar to a liverwort and can therefore be mistaken for it. On the underside of the prothallus, the male reproductive organs are located, while the female ones are at the top. [11]
The culture at large seems to be primarily operating under the following formula: Penis + Vagina = Sex, Orgasm, Sexuality, Sensuality, Happiness. And when that equation doesn’t quite add up, the automatic assumption isn’t: “Something is wrong with the equation.” The assumption is: “Something is wrong with me. I am broken. I am lacking.”
With the exception of calicioid lichens, lichen growth forms are based on the appearance of the thallus, which is the vegetative (non-reproductive) part of the lichen. [5]
The evolution of photosynthesis refers to the origin and subsequent evolution of photosynthesis, the process by which light energy is used to assemble sugars from carbon dioxide and a hydrogen and electron source such as water. It is believed that the pigments used for photosynthesis initially were used for protection from the harmful effects ...