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A prothallus, or prothallium, (from Latin pro = forwards and Greek θαλλος (thallos) = twig) is usually the gametophyte stage in the life of a fern or other pteridophyte. Occasionally the term is also used to describe the young gametophyte of a liverwort or peat moss as well.
Land plants evolved from a group of freshwater green algae, perhaps as early as 850 mya, [3] but algae-like plants might have evolved as early as 1 billion years ago. [2] The closest living relatives of land plants are the charophytes, specifically Charales; if modern Charales are similar to the distant ancestors they share with land plants, this means that the land plants evolved from a ...
[29] [30] The most important benefit of CAM to the plant is the ability to leave most leaf stomata closed during the day. [31] This reduces water loss due to evapotranspiration. The stomata open at night to collect CO 2, which is stored as the four-carbon acid malate, and then used during photosynthesis during the day.
At the heart of a photosystem lies the reaction center, which is an enzyme that uses light to reduce and oxidize molecules (give off and take up electrons). This reaction center is surrounded by light-harvesting complexes that enhance the absorption of light. In addition, surrounding the reaction center are pigments which will absorb light. The ...
The spawn (eggs) of a clownfish.The black spots are the developing eyes. Spawn is the eggs and sperm released or deposited into water by aquatic animals.As a verb, to spawn refers to the process of freely releasing eggs and sperm into a body of water (fresh or marine); the physical act is known as spawning.
Water is very effective at absorbing incoming light, so the amount of light penetrating the ocean declines rapidly (is attenuated) with depth. At one metre depth only 45% of the solar energy that falls on the ocean surface remains. At 10 metres depth only 16% of the light is still present, and only 1% of the original light is left at 100 metres.
The culture at large seems to be primarily operating under the following formula: Penis + Vagina = Sex, Orgasm, Sexuality, Sensuality, Happiness. And when that equation doesn’t quite add up, the automatic assumption isn’t: “Something is wrong with the equation.” The assumption is: “Something is wrong with me. I am broken. I am lacking.”
Ramón y Cajal was also the first person to propose the physiological role of increasing the receptive surface area of the neuron. The greater the pyramidal cell's surface area, the greater the neuron's ability to process and integrate large amounts of information. Dendritic spines are absent on the soma, while the number increases away from it ...