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  2. Augustus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus

    Both his adoptive surname, Caesar, and his title augustus became the permanent titles of the rulers of the Roman Empire for fourteen centuries after his death, in use both at Old Rome and at New Rome. In many languages, Caesar became the word for emperor, as in the German Kaiser and in the Bulgarian and subsequently Russian Tsar (sometimes Csar ...

  3. The Twelve Caesars - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars

    The subjects consist of: Julius Caesar (d. 44 BC), Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian (d. 96 AD). The work, written in AD 121 during the reign of the emperor Hadrian , was the most popular work of Suetonius , at that time Hadrian's personal secretary, and is the largest among his ...

  4. List of Roman emperors - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors

    Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]

  5. Roman imperial cult - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult

    Obverse: CAESAR AVGVSTVS; Reverse: DIVVS IVLIV(S), with comet of eight rays, tail upward. Caesar's name as a living divinity – not as yet ratified by senatorial vote – was Divus Julius (or perhaps Jupiter Julius); divus, at that time, was a slightly archaic form of deus, suitable for poetry, implying some association with the bright heavens.

  6. Crisis of the Roman Republic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Roman_Republic

    The end of the Crisis can likewise either be dated from the assassination of Julius Caesar on 15 March 44 BC, after he and Sulla had done so much "to dismantle the government of the Republic", [23] or alternately when Octavian was granted the title of Augustus by the Senate in 27 BC, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire. [24]

  7. Wars of Augustus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Augustus

    The wars of Augustus are the military campaigns undertaken by the Roman government during the sole rule of the founder-emperor Augustus (30 BC – AD 14). This was a period of 45 years when almost every year saw major campaigning, in some cases on a scale comparable to the Second Punic War (218–201 BC), when Roman manpower resources were ...

  8. Constitutional reforms of Augustus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of...

    The clupeus uirtutis or shield of honour granted to Caesar Augustus by the Senate, apparently along with the name "Augustus" and the right to display an oak wreath over his door [1] Eschewing the open anti-elitism exhibited by Julius Caesar and Mark Anthony, Augustus modified the political system in this settlement, making it palatable to the ...

  9. Early life of Augustus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_of_Augustus

    Augustus was born Gaius Octavius in Rome on 23 September 63 BC. [1] He was a member of the respectable, but undistinguished, Octavii family through his father, also named Gaius Octavius, and was the great-nephew of Julius Caesar through his mother Atia.