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Withdrawal symptoms occur during dose reduction and may include insomnia, anxiety, distress, weight loss, dizziness, night sweats, shaking, muscle twitches, aphasia, panic attacks, depression, numbness,dissociation, paranoia, indigestion, diarrhea, and photophobia. As withdrawal progresses, patients often find their physical and mental health ...
Chorea may also be caused by drugs (commonly levodopa, anti-convulsants and anti-psychotics). [ 2 ] Other acquired causes include CSF leak , [ 3 ] systemic lupus erythematosus , antiphospholipid syndrome , thyrotoxicosis , polycythaemia rubra vera , [ 2 ] transmissible spongiform encephalopathies , coeliac disease [ 4 ] and gluten ataxia .
Barbiturates slow down the central nervous system and cause tranquilizing or antiseizure effects. Phenytoin and primidone are effective antiepileptics drugs, although phenytoin can cause liver failure or have other harmful long-term effects in patients with PME. Sodium valproate is an alternative therapy for myoclonus and can be used either ...
[2] [3] To be classified as alcohol withdrawal syndrome, patients must exhibit at least two of the following symptoms: increased hand tremor, insomnia, nausea or vomiting, transient hallucinations (auditory, visual or tactile), psychomotor agitation, anxiety, generalized tonic–clonic seizures, and autonomic instability. [12]
PLMD is characterized by increased periodic limb movements during sleep, which must coexist with a sleep disturbance or other functional impairment, in an explicit cause-effect relationship. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Usually, these involuntary movements come from lower extremities (including toes, ankles, knees, and hips), although they can also be observed ...
Medications are used to reverse the symptoms of extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotics or other drugs, by either directly or indirectly increasing dopaminergic neurotransmission. The treatment varies by the type of the EPS, but may involve anticholinergic agents such as procyclidine, benztropine, diphenhydramine, and trihexyphenidyl.
Often the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia are not apparent until the individual comes off of the antipsychotic drugs; however, when tardive dyskinesia worsens, the signs become visible. [24] Other dopamine antagonists and antiemetics can cause tardive dyskinesia, such as metoclopramide and promethazine, used to treat gastrointestinal disorders.
BFS can also be caused by long-term use of anticholinergics, [4] and fasciculations may be caused by other drug use or exposure to steroids, nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, insecticides and pesticides. [2] Thyroid disease may also cause similar symptoms. [3] Fasciculations can also be caused by deficiencies of magnesium and/or calcium. [6]