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All quantities are in Gaussian units except energy and temperature which are in electronvolts.For the sake of simplicity, a single ionic species is assumed. The ion mass is expressed in units of the proton mass, = / and the ion charge in units of the elementary charge, = / (in the case of a fully ionized atom, equals to the respective atomic number).
One of the criteria which determine whether a collection of charged particles can rigorously be termed an ideal plasma is that Λ ≫ 1.When this is the case, collective electrostatic interactions dominate over binary collisions, and the plasma particles can be treated as if they only interact with a smooth background field, rather than through pairwise interactions (collisions). [3]
Free Variable Set is the set of variables that do not belong to a lambda abstraction in . Execution is performing β-reductions and η-reductions on subexpressions in the canonym of a lambda expression until the result is a lambda function (abstraction) in the normal form .
Many people consider a Costco membership nonnegotiable because it allows them to purchase high-quality items at budget-friendly prices. However, the warehouse club's memberships come with an annual...
A kernel smoother is a statistical technique to estimate a real valued function: as the weighted average of neighboring observed data. The weight is defined by the kernel, such that closer points are given higher weights.
President Donald Trump has issued a slew of executive orders (EO) since beginning his second term, including one that may have an impact on your tax refund.One of Trump’s EOs initiated a hiring ...
Use your free time to read through historical documents from the 18th and 19th centuries and transcribe them — and you can do it all from home in your PJs. Sign up here. 8. Get involved in local ...
In the lambda calculus, a beta redex is a term of the form: [3] [4] (.). A redex is in head position in a term , if has the following shape (note that application has higher priority than abstraction, and that the formula below is meant to be a lambda-abstraction, not an application):