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Indium oxide is used in some types of batteries, thin film infrared reflectors transparent for visible light (hot mirrors), some optical coatings, and some antistatic coatings. In combination with tin dioxide, indium oxide forms indium tin oxide (also called tin doped indium oxide or ITO), a material used for transparent conductive coatings.
Indium is a technology-critical element used primarily in the production of flat-panel displays as indium tin oxide (ITO), a transparent and conductive coating applied to glass. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Indium is also used in the semiconductor industry , [ 18 ] in low-melting-point metal alloys such as solders and soft-metal high-vacuum seals.
A compound semiconductor is a semiconductor compound composed of chemical elements of at least two different species. These semiconductors form for example in periodic table groups 13–15 (old groups III–V), for example of elements from the Boron group (old group III, boron, aluminium, gallium, indium) and from group 15 (old group V, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth).
Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a ternary composition of indium, tin and oxygen in varying proportions. Depending on the oxygen content, it can be described as either a ceramic or an alloy . Indium tin oxide is typically encountered as an oxygen-saturated composition with a formulation of 74% In, 8% Sn, and 18% O by weight.
The oxides of indium in its preferred oxidation state of +3, namely In 2 O 3 and In(OH) 3 are weakly amphoteric; it forms anionic indates in strongly basic solutions. [112] Indium forms Zintl phases such as LiIn, Na 2 In and Rb 2 In 3. [113] Indium does not oxidize in air at ambient conditions. [109]
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The rare-earth elements (REE), also called the rare-earth metals or rare earths, and sometimes the lanthanides or lanthanoids (although scandium and yttrium, which do not belong to this series, are usually included as rare earths), [1] are a set of 17 nearly indistinguishable lustrous silvery-white soft heavy metals.
In chemistry, a reactivity series (or reactivity series of elements) is an empirical, calculated, and structurally analytical progression [1] of a series of metals, arranged by their "reactivity" from highest to lowest.