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Methyl benzoate is formed by the condensation of methanol and benzoic acid, in presence of a strong acid. [1] [2] Methyl benzoate reacts at both the ring and the ester, depending on the substrate. Electrophiles attack the ring, illustrated by acid-catalysed nitration with nitric acid to give methyl 3-nitrobenzoate.
The nitration product produced on the largest scale, by far, is nitrobenzene. Many explosives are produced by nitration including trinitrophenol (picric acid), trinitrotoluene (TNT), and trinitroresorcinol (styphnic acid). [3] Another but more specialized method for making aryl–NO 2 group starts from halogenated phenols, is the Zinke nitration.
The phrase ipso nitration was first used by Perrin and Skinner in 1971, in an investigation into chloroanisole nitration. [18] In one protocol, 4-chloro- n -butylbenzene is reacted with sodium nitrite in t -butanol in the presence of 0.5 mol% Pd 2 (dba) 3 , a biarylphosphine ligand and a phase-transfer catalyst to provide 4-nitro- n -butylbenzene.
3-Nitrobenzoic acid is an organic compound with the formula C 6 H 4 (NO 2)CO 2 H. It is an aromatic compound and under standard conditions, it is an off-white solid. The two substituents are in a meta position with respect to each other, giving the alternative name of m-nitrobenzoic acid.
The resulting calcium benzoate is converted to benzoic acid with hydrochloric acid. The product contains significant amounts of chlorinated benzoic acid derivatives. For this reason, benzoic acid for human consumption was obtained by dry distillation of gum benzoin. Food-grade benzoic acid is now produced synthetically.
The International Numbering System for Food Additives (INS) is an international naming system for food additives, aimed at providing a short designation of what may be a lengthy actual name. [1] It is defined by Codex Alimentarius , the international food standards organisation of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture ...
Zinc sulfate is an inorganic compound with the formula ZnSO 4.It forms hydrates ZnSO 4 ·nH 2 O, where n can range from 0 to 7. All are colorless solids. The most common form includes water of crystallization as the heptahydrate, [4] with the formula Zn SO 4 ·7H 2 O.
Zinc is extracted from the purified zinc sulfate solution by electrowinning, which is a specialized form of electrolysis. The process works by passing an electric current through the solution in a series of cells. This causes the zinc to deposit on the cathodes (aluminium sheets) and oxygen to form at the anodes. Sulfuric acid is also formed in ...