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Francis MacNamara (c. 1810 – 28 August 1861), known as Frank the Poet, [1] was an Irish writer and poet who was transported as a convict to the penal colony of New South Wales. While incarcerated, he composed improvised verse that captured convict life and exposed the cruelties of the convict system.
As Sarah Island could not produce food, malnutrition, dysentery, and scurvy were often rampant among the convict population. The penal colony had to be supplied by sea. Living conditions were particularly bad in the early years of the settlement. The settlement was so crowded, convicts were unable to sleep on their backs in the communal barracks.
The Svargarohana Parva describes the arrival of Yudhishthira to heaven, his visit to hell, and what he finds in both places. Yudhishthira is upset when he finds evil people in heaven and good people in hell. He demands that he be sent to hell where people who love him are present. The gods then reveal that their loved ones are indeed in heaven.
The sacrifices that one performs are stated to journey directly to heaven, and are stored to await the sacrificer on his arrival. One hymn describes Svarga to be a realm that contains water-lilies and lotuses, lakes of butter with banks of honey, along with streams flowing with a number of foods such as wine, milk, curds, and water.
In the meantime, convicts were used as virtual slave labour to create all kinds of infrastructure like roads, bridges and public buildings. Finally the township of Richmond was proclaimed in 1824. A court house to service the police district in the area was built in 1825 and this was the start of the gaol building.
Several convicts had escaped into the bush and were left behind to unknown fates with the local aboriginal people. One such convict, the subsequently celebrated William Buckley, lived in the western side of Port Phillip for the next 32 years before approaching the new settlers and assisting as an interpreter for the indigenous peoples.
Frightened convicts reacted in different ways; some rioting took place between blacks and whites; some convicts attempted to escape by jumping into the icy waters that swirled around the prison. With nearly three thousand prisoners in the antiquated facility, area residents became understandably uneasy.
Convicts 4, also known as Reprieve, is a 1962 American neo noir crime film starring Ben Gazzara and directed by Millard Kaufman. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The film is a fictionalized version of the life of death row convict John Resko, who wrote his autobiography: Reprieve .