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The lower the irrigation efficiency, the higher the losses. Although reasonably high irrigation efficiencies of 70% or more (i.e., losses of 30% or less) can occur with sophisticated techniques like sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation or by well-managed surface irrigation, in practice the losses are commonly in the order of 40% to 60% ...
Irrigation is the artificial exploitation and distribution of water at project level aiming at application of water at field level to agricultural crops [1] in dry areas or in periods of scarce rainfall to assure or improve crop production. [2] This article discusses organizational forms and means of management of irrigation water at project level.
Deficit irrigation (DI) is a watering strategy that can be applied by different types of irrigation application methods. The correct application of DI requires thorough understanding of the yield response to water (crop sensitivity to drought stress) and of the economic impact of reductions in harvest. [1]
Surface irrigation, also known as gravity irrigation, is the oldest form of irrigation and has been in use for thousands of years. In surface (furrow, flood, or level basin) irrigation systems, water moves across the surface of agricultural lands, in order to wet it and infiltrate into the soil. Water moves by following gravity or the slope of ...
Furrow irrigation of sugar cane in Australia, 2006. Surface irrigation is where water is applied and distributed over the soil surface by gravity. It is by far the most common form of irrigation throughout the world and has been practiced in many areas virtually unchanged for thousands of years.
According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), food prices jumped nearly 10% in 2022, the fastest increase in more than 40 years. Costs continued to rise by almost 6% in 2023.
To reduce the cost of the system, the lowering must be reduced to a minimum. The highest permissible level of the water table (or the shallowest permissible depth) depends on the irrigation and agricultural practices and kind of crops. In many cases a seasonal average water table depth of 0.6 to 0.8 m is deep enough.
AWD can dramatically reduce the concentration of arsenic in harvested rice grains. [15] A variant of AWD such as e-AWD practice can reduce grain arsenic, lead and cadmium levels up to 66, 73 and 33% respectively. [13] This method can also reduce insect pests and diseases. [16] Periodic soil drying may reduce the incidence of fungal diseases. [2]