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The UV facility treats water delivered by two of the city's aqueduct systems, the Catskill Aqueduct and the Delaware Aqueduct, via the Kensico Reservoir. [3] (The city's third supply system, the New Croton Aqueduct, has a separate treatment plant. [4]) The plant has 56 energy-efficient UV reactors, and cost the city $1.6 billion.
Radiant intensity is used to characterize the emission of radiation by an antenna: [2], = (), where E e is the irradiance of the antenna;; r is the distance from the antenna.; Unlike power density, radiant intensity does not depend on distance: because radiant intensity is defined as the power through a solid angle, the decreasing power density over distance due to the inverse-square law is ...
Radiant intensity: I e,Ω [nb 5] watt per steradian: W/sr: M⋅L 2 ⋅T −3: Radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit solid angle. This is a directional quantity. Spectral intensity: I e,Ω,ν [nb 3] watt per steradian per hertz W⋅sr −1 ⋅Hz −1: M⋅L 2 ⋅T −2: Radiant intensity per unit frequency or wavelength.
Mathematically, for the spectral power distribution of a radiant exitance or irradiance one may write: =where M(λ) is the spectral irradiance (or exitance) of the light (SI units: W/m 2 = kg·m −1 ·s −3); Φ is the radiant flux of the source (SI unit: watt, W); A is the area over which the radiant flux is integrated (SI unit: square meter, m 2); and λ is the wavelength (SI unit: meter, m).
Radiant intensity: I e,Ω [nb 5] watt per steradian: W/sr: M⋅L 2 ⋅T −3: Radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit solid angle. This is a directional quantity. Spectral intensity: I e,Ω,ν [nb 3] watt per steradian per hertz W⋅sr −1 ⋅Hz −1: M⋅L 2 ⋅T −2: Radiant intensity per unit frequency or wavelength.
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) spans the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from 400 to 700 nanometers. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) designates the spectral range (wave band) of solar radiation from 400 to 700 nanometers that photosynthetic organisms are able to use in the process of photosynthesis.
By 2001, over 6,000 UV water treatment plants were operating in Europe. [67] Over time, UV costs have declined as researchers develop and use new UV methods to disinfect water and wastewater. Several countries have published regulations and guidance for the use of UV to disinfect drinking water supplies, including the US [68] [69] [70] and the ...
The Croton Water Filtration Plant, is a drinking water treatment facility in New York City which began operation in 2015. The plant construction cost was over $3 billion, [ 6 ] [ 3 ] The facility was built 160 feet (49 m) under Van Cortlandt Park 's Mosholu Golf Course in the Bronx .