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Typically, an involucre with a clasping shape similar to a cup or urn subtends each of a thistle's flower heads. The typically feathery pappus of a ripe thistle flower is known as thistle-down. [1] The spininess varies considerably by species. For example, Cirsium heterophyllum has very soft spines while Cirsium spinosissimum is the opposite. [2]
Cirsium vulgare (spear thistle) is listed in the United States (where as a non-native invasive species it has been renamed "bull thistle") as a noxious weed in nine states. [6] Some species in particular are cultivated in gardens and wildflower plantings for their aesthetic value and/or to support pollinators such as bees and butterflies.
The flowers are usually dioecious, but not invariably so, with some plants bearing hermaphrodite flowers. [20] The seeds are 4–5 mm long, with a feathery pappus which assists in wind dispersal. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] One to 5 flower heads occur per branch, with plants in very favourable conditions producing up to 100 heads per shoot. [ 14 ]
Cirsium vulgare, the spear thistle, bull thistle, or common thistle, is a species of the Asteraceae genus Cirsium, native throughout most of Europe (north to 66°N, locally 68°N), Western Asia (east to the Yenisei Valley), and northwestern Africa (Atlas Mountains).
Silybum marianum is a species of thistle.It has various common names including milk thistle, [1] blessed milkthistle, [2] Marian thistle, Mary thistle, Saint Mary's thistle, Mediterranean milk thistle, variegated thistle and Scotch thistle (not to be confused with Onopordum acanthium or Cirsium vulgare).
The Cardueae are a tribe of flowering plants in the daisy family and the subfamily Carduoideae. [5] Most of them are commonly known as thistles; [6] four of the best known genera are Carduus, [7] Cynara (containing the widely eaten artichoke), Cirsium, [7] and Onopordum.
Separate cypselae. Onopordum acanthium (cotton thistle, Scotch (or Scottish) thistle) is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.It is native to Europe and Western Asia from the Iberian Peninsula east to Kazakhstan, and north to central Scandinavia, and widely naturalised elsewhere, [1] [2] [3] with especially large populations present in the United States and Australia.
Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle, [1] is a species of thistle. It is native to the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa , and Western Asia ; Eastern Europe and the Caucasus ; and the Indian Subcontinent .