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Gas separation across a membrane is a pressure-driven process, where the driving force is the difference in pressure between inlet of raw material and outlet of product. The membrane used in the process is a generally non-porous layer, so there will not be a severe leakage of gas through the membrane.
The term pervaporation is a portmanteau of the two steps of the process: (a) permeation through the membrane by the permeate, then (b) its evaporation into the vapor phase. . This process is used by a number of industries for several different processes, including purification and analysis, due to its simplicity and in-line natu
Hydrogen can be purified by passing through a membrane composed of palladium and silver. Permeability of the former to hydrogen was discovered back in the 1860s. [2] An alloy with a ca. 3:1 ratio for Pd:Ag is more structural robust than pure Pd, which is the active component that allows the selective diffusion of H 2 through it.
Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermally driven separation process in which separation is driven by phase change. A hydrophobic membrane presents a barrier for the liquid phase , allowing the vapour phase (e.g. water vapour) to pass through the membrane's pores. [ 1 ]
Membranes are used to facilitate the transport or rejection of substances between mediums, and the mechanical separation of gas and liquid streams. In the simplest case, filtration is achieved when the pores of the membrane are smaller than the diameter of the undesired substance, such as a harmful microorganism.
Gas separation can refer to any of a number of techniques used to separate gases, either to give multiple products or to purify a single product. Swing adsorption techniques [ edit ]
Schematic diagram of a hollow fiber membrane, including a view of the membrane module and call outs for a cross section (top right), membrane transport (bottom left) and partial pressure of the solute. Modified by authors from [2] SEM cross-section of a polysulfone hollow fiber membrane fabricated by nonsolvent-induced phase separation.
Zeolite membranes serve as a low energy separation method. They have recently drawn interest due to their high chemical and thermal stability, [ 1 ] and their high selectivity. Currently zeolites have seen applications in gas separation , membrane reactors , water desalination , and solid state batteries . [ 2 ]