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In projectile motion, the horizontal motion and the vertical motion are independent of each other; that is, neither motion affects the other. This is the principle of compound motion established by Galileo in 1638, [ 1 ] and used by him to prove the parabolic form of projectile motion.
The surface of the projectile also must be considered: a smooth projectile will face less air resistance than a rough-surfaced one, and irregularities on the surface of a projectile may change its trajectory if they create more drag on one side of the projectile than on the other. However, certain irregularities such as dimples on a golf ball ...
Trajectory calculator; An interactive simulation on projectile motion; Projectile Lab, JavaScript trajectory simulator; Parabolic Projectile Motion: Shooting a Harmless Tranquilizer Dart at a Falling Monkey by Roberto Castilla-Meléndez, Roxana Ramírez-Herrera, and José Luis Gómez-Muñoz, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project. Trajectory ...
In 2D and shooting on a horizontal plane, parabola of safety can be represented by the equation y = u 2 2 g − g x 2 2 u 2 {\displaystyle y={\frac {u^{2}}{2g}}-{\frac {gx^{2}}{2u^{2}}}} where u {\displaystyle u} is the initial speed of projectile and g {\displaystyle g} is the gravitational field.
A projectile following a ballistic trajectory has both forward and vertical motion. Forward motion is slowed due to air resistance, and in point mass modeling the vertical motion is dependent on a combination of the elevation angle and gravity. Initially, the projectile is rising with respect to the line of sight or the horizontal sighting plane.
There are two main descriptions of motion: dynamics and kinematics.Dynamics is general, since the momenta, forces and energy of the particles are taken into account. In this instance, sometimes the term dynamics refers to the differential equations that the system satisfies (e.g., Newton's second law or Euler–Lagrange equations), and sometimes to the solutions to those equations.
English: Trajectories of projectiles launched at different elevation angles and a speed of 10 m/s. A vacuum and a uniform downward gravity field of 10 m/s² is assumed. t = time from launch, T = time of flight, R = range and H = highest point of trajectory (indicated by arrows).
A ballistic pendulum is a device for measuring a bullet's momentum, from which it is possible to calculate the velocity and kinetic energy. Ballistic pendulums have been largely rendered obsolete by modern chronographs , which allow direct measurement of the projectile velocity.