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The following is a timeline of low-temperature technology and cryogenic technology (refrigeration down to close to absolute zero, i.e. –273.15 °C, −459.67 °F or 0 K). [1] It also lists important milestones in thermometry, thermodynamics, statistical physics and calorimetry, that were crucial in development of low temperature systems.
The Low Temperature Laboratory recorded a record low temperature of 100 pK, or 1.0 × 10 −10 K in 1999. [11] The current apparatus for achieving low temperatures has two stages. The first uses a helium dilution refrigerator to get to temperatures of millikelvins, then the next stage uses adiabatic nuclear demagnetisation to reach picokelvins ...
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Nitrogen is a liquid under −195.8 °C (77.3 K).. In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.. The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of 120 K (−153 °C) to ...
In a space-based laboratory, up to 10 seconds interaction times and as low as 1 picokelvin temperatures are achievable, ... Timeline of low-temperature technology;
1669 — Honoré Fabri suggested using a temperature scale by dividing into 8 equal parts the interval between "greatest heat of summer" and melting snow. [ 3 ] 1676 to 1679 — Edme Mariotte conducted experiments that under the French Academy of Science ’s Paris Observatory , resulting in wide adoption of temperatures of deep cellars as a ...
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Originally this was considered to be impossible. For some time it looked as if it would be impossible to cool below the lambda point of 4 He (2.17 K), but the low-temperature group of the Eindhoven University of Technology managed to cool to a temperature of 1.73 K by replacing the usual 4 He as refrigerant by its rare isotope 3 He.