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Waves may also form in dry air without cloud markers. [4] Wave clouds do not move downwind as clouds usually do, but remain fixed in position relative to the obstruction that forms them. Around the crest of the wave, adiabatic expansion cooling can form a cloud in shape of a lens (lenticularis). Multiple lenticular clouds can be stacked on top ...
Two generic types of wave turbulence should be distinguished: statistical wave turbulence (SWT) and discrete wave turbulence (DWT). In SWT theory exact and quasi-resonances are omitted, which allows using some statistical assumptions and describing the wave system by kinetic equations and their stationary solutions – the approach developed by Vladimir E. Zakharov.
Wind flow over a mountain produces oscillations (A), (B) etc. Mountain waves are formed when four requirements are met. When these factors coincide with jet streams, CAT can occur: A mountain range, not an isolated mountain; Strong perpendicular wind; Wind direction maintained with altitude; Temperature inversion at the top of the mountain range
Thin scattered wave-cloud resembling cirrocumulus. Low stratocumuliform Wave-cloud resembling stratocumulus, especially as a polar cap cloud over the winter pole which is mostly composed of suspended frozen carbon dioxide. [25] [26] Surface-based Morning fog of water and/or carbon dioxide commonly forms in low areas of the planet.
A cap cloud is a special form of the lenticular cloud with a base low enough that it forms around and covers the peak, capping it. [3] A chinook arch cloud is an extensive wave cloud. It has this special name in North America where it is associated with the Chinook wind. It forms above the mountain range, usually at the beginning of a chinook ...
Turbulence is commonly observed in everyday phenomena such as surf, fast flowing rivers, billowing storm clouds, or smoke from a chimney, and most fluid flows occurring in nature or created in engineering applications are turbulent.
A lee trough, also known as a dynamic trough, is "A pressure trough formed on the lee side of a mountain range in situations where the wind is blowing with a substantial component across the mountain ridge; often seen on United States weather maps east of the Rocky Mountains, and sometimes east of the Appalachians, where it is less pronounced."
The Mountain Wave Project (MWP) pursues global scientific research of gravity waves and associated turbulence. MWP seeks to develop new scientific insights and knowledge through high altitude and record seeking glider flights with the goal of increasing overall flight safety and improving pilot training.