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Eukaryotic flagella—those of animal, plant, and protist cells—are complex cellular projections that lash back and forth. Eukaryotic flagella are classed along with eukaryotic motile cilia as undulipodia [17] to emphasize their distinctive wavy appendage role in cellular function or motility. Primary cilia are immotile, and are not undulipodia.
Archaeal flagella are superficially similar to bacterial flagella in that it also has a rotary motor, but are different in many details and considered non-homologous. [18] [19] [20] Eukaryotic flagella—those of animal, plant, and protist cells—are complex cellular projections that lash back and forth.
Many protists take the form of single-celled flagellates. Flagella are generally used for propulsion. They may also be used to create a current that brings in food. In most such organisms, one or more flagella are located at or near the anterior of the cell (e.g., Euglena). Often there is one directed forwards and one trailing behind.
These protists are equipped with one or more whip-like appendages called cilia, undulipodia or eukaryotic flagella, [b] which enable them to swim or glide freely through the environment. Flagellates are found in all lineages, reflecting that the common ancestor of all living eukaryotes was a flagellate.
The dinoflagellates (from Ancient Greek δῖνος (dînos) 'whirling' and Latin flagellum 'whip, scourge'), also called dinophytes, are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata [5] and are usually considered protists.
The opisthokonts (from Ancient Greek ὀπίσθιος (opísthios) 'rear, posterior' and κοντός (kontós) 'pole, i.e. flagellum') are a broad group of eukaryotes, including both the animal and fungus kingdoms. [5] The opisthokonts, previously called the "Fungi/Metazoa group", [6] are generally recognized as a clade.
Movement of the flagellum draws water through the collar, and bacteria and detritus are captured by the microvilli and ingested. [12] Water currents generated by the flagellum also push free-swimming cells along, as in animal sperm. In contrast, most other flagellates are pulled by their flagella. [citation needed]
It gets its name from the combination of "Sarcodina" (which is an older term used for amoeboids) [4] and "Mastigophora" (which is an older term for flagellates).. The characteristics of phylum sarcomastigophora are :