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A lava tube, or pyroduct, [1] is a natural conduit formed by flowing lava from a volcanic vent that moves beneath the hardened surface of a lava flow. If lava in the tube empties, it will leave a cave .
Hydrothermal chimneys, salt pillars and terraces of Dallol, Ethiopia. Dallol is highly dynamic; active springs go inactive and new springs emerge in new places in the range of days, and this is also reflected in the colors of the site that change with time, from white to green, lime, yellow, gold, orange, red, purple and ochre. [17]
Pillow lava on the ocean floor of Hawaii. Pillow lavas are lavas that contain characteristic pillow-shaped structures that are attributed to the extrusion of the lava underwater, or subaqueous extrusion. Pillow lavas in volcanic rock are characterized by thick sequences of discontinuous pillow-shaped masses, commonly up to one meter in diameter.
The word lava comes from Italian and is probably derived from the Latin word labes, which means a fall or slide. [2] [3] An early use of the word in connection with extrusion of magma from below the surface is found in a short account of the 1737 eruption of Vesuvius, written by Francesco Serao, who described "a flow of fiery lava" as an analogy to the flow of water and mud down the flanks of ...
It is likely that the lava spreads by a process of inflation in which the lava moves beneath a solid insulating crust, which keeps it hot and mobile. [36] Studies of the Ginkgo flow of the Columbia River Plateau, which is 30 to 70 meters (98 to 230 ft) thick, show that the temperature of the lava dropped by just 20 °C (68 °F) over a distance ...
Lava tubes are emptied lava conduits, formed during volcanic eruptions by flowing and cooling lava. Natural Tunnel State Park (Virginia, US) features an 260-metre (850 ft) natural tunnel, really a limestone cave, that has been used as a railroad tunnel since 1890. Punarjani Guha in Kerala, India. Hindus believe that crawling through the tunnel ...
The Type 3 Chi-Nu medium tank retained the same hull and suspension of the Type 1 Chi-He, with the addition of an enlarged turret ring for the new large hexagonal gun turret with a commander's cupola. [2] [15] The more powerful main armament, a Type 3 75 mm tank gun, was based on the Japanese Type 90 field gun. [16]
Obsidian (/ ə b ˈ s ɪ d i. ən, ɒ b-/ əb-SID-ee-ən ob-) [5] is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed when lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimal crystal growth. It is an igneous rock. [6] Produced from felsic lava, obsidian is rich in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium.