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Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plankton, but they are also common in freshwater habitats. Their populations vary with sea surface temperature, salinity, and depth. Many dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, but a large fraction of these are in fact mixotrophic, combining photosynthesis with ingestion of prey (phagotrophy and myzocytosis). [6] [7]
Alexandrium is a genus of dinoflagellates. It contains some of the dinoflagellate species most harmful to humans, because it produces toxic harmful algal blooms (HAB) that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans.
Gonyaulax is a genus of dinoflagellates with the type species Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède et Lachmann) Diesing. Gonyaulax belongs to red dinoflagellates and commonly causes red tides. It can produce yesotoxins: for example, strains of Gonyaulax spinifera from New Zealand are yessotoxin producers. [4]
Ceratium dinoflagellates may reproduce sexually (two parent cells) or asexually (one parent cell) . [4] In asexual reproduction, the pellicle (shell) pulls apart and exposes the naked cell. [ 2 ] The cell then increases in size and divides, creating 4–8 daughter cells, each with two flagella. [ 2 ]
Pyrocystis fusiformis is a non-motile, tropical, epipelagic, marine dinoflagellate (flagellate microorganisms), reaching lengths of up to 1 millimetre (0.039 in). P. fusiformis display bioluminescence when disturbed or agitated.
Oda, in 1935, was the first to name any species in what is now the genus Karenia: [3] Gymnodinium mikimotoi but was later renamed Karenia mikimotoi. [1] Davis in 1948 was the first to document that the cause of the fish kills was the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve , [ 4 ] which was renamed Ptychodiscus brevis and since 2001 is now known as ...
Coolia is a marine dinoflagellate genus in the family Ostreopsidaceae.It was first described by Meunier in 1919. [1] There are currently seven identified species distributed globally in tropical and temperate coastal waters. [2]
Dinoflagellates often live in symbiosis with other organisms. Many nassellarian radiolarians house dinoflagellate symbionts within their tests. [ 207 ] The nassellarian provides ammonium and carbon dioxide for the dinoflagellate, while the dinoflagellate provides the nassellarian with a mucous membrane useful for hunting and protection against ...