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Deep sea mining is the extraction of minerals from the seabed of the deep sea. The main ores of commercial interest are polymetallic nodules , which are found at depths of 4–6 km (2.5–3.7 mi) primarily on the abyssal plain .
The International Seabed Authority is a body of the United Nations which was established in 1982 to regulate human activities on the deep-sea floor beyond the continental shelf. It continues to develop rules for commercial mining, and as of 2016, has issued 27 contracts for mineral exploration, covering a total area of more than 1.4 million km 2 .
Deep sea mining – Mineral extraction from the ocean floor; Glomar Explorer – Deep-sea drillship platform used by the CIA to recover sunken Soviet submarine; International Seabed Authority – Intergovernmental body to regulate mineral-related activities on the seabed
The chemical reaction causes sulfur and minerals to precipitate and from chimneys, towers, and mineral-rich deposits on the sea floor. [49] Polymetallic nodules , also known as manganese nodules , are rounded ores formed over millions of years from precipitating metals from seawater and sediment pore water. [ 50 ]
The minerals make the water heavier (DOW), so the water naturally sinks to the ocean floor where it commences a 2000-year journey. It flows southwards down the Atlantic Ocean, moves around the African Cape, and then inches north through the Indian Ocean and also into the western Pacific Ocean, first coming close to land in Taiwan, then Okinawa ...
The Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative, a global network, said some experts believe it could take anywhere from six to more than 20 years to collect enough data needed to protect the marine ...
Sand is the most exploited natural resource in the world after water but its extraction for use in industries like construction is only loosely governed, prompting the U.N. to pass a resolution ...
Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are mineral concretions on the sea floor formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. [44] They are formed by a combination of diagenetic and sedimentary precipitation at the estimated rate of about a centimeter over several million years. [45]