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Anesthesia is required for many surgical procedures which require the patient to be immobile, unaware, and without pain. Furthermore, anesthesia aims to minimize the surgical stress response. [2] In addition, certain diagnostic procedures require anesthesia, notably stomach or airway endoscopy, bone marrow sampling, and occasionally ultrasound ...
Around 9–12 months, or when the cat reaches maturity. Duration: The syndrome will remain present for the cat's entire life, but episodes only last for one to two minutes. Treatment: Behavioural adaptation, pharmaceuticals and alternative medicine. Prognosis: Good, provided the cat doesn't self-mutilate excessively.
Dexmedetomidine, sold under the brand name Precedex among others, is a medication used for sedation. [4] Veterinarians use dexmedetomidine for similar purposes in treating cats, dogs, and horses. [10] [11] It is also used in humans to treat acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. [5]
Xylazine is a common veterinary drug used for sedation, anesthesia, muscle relaxation, and analgesia in animals such as horses, cattle, and other mammals. [2] In veterinary anesthesia, it is often used in combination with ketamine. Veterinarians also use xylazine as an emetic, especially in cats. [4] Drug interactions vary with different ...
While acepromazine is also used in cats, its absorption is erratic and can vary between individuals. It also generally induces less sedation than in dogs. [13] [14] It also causes spontaneous motor activity (in both cats and dogs, but more often in cats) by blocking dopamine receptors in the striatum and substantia nigra. [15]
Procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) is a technique in which a sedating/dissociative medication is given, usually along with an analgesic medication, in order to perform non-surgical procedures on a patient. The overall goal is to induce a decreased level of consciousness while maintaining the patient's ability to breathe on their own.
Atipamezole has a rapid onset: it reverses the decreased heart rate caused by sedation within three minutes. The animal usually begins waking up within 5–10 minutes. In a study of over 100 dogs, more than half could stand up within 5 minutes, and 96% could stand up within 15.
To determine the depth of anesthesia, the anesthetist relies on a series of physical signs of the patient. In 1847, John Snow (1813–1858) [ 1 ] and Francis Plomley [ 2 ] attempted to describe various stages of general anesthesia, but Guedel in 1937 described a detailed system which was generally accepted.