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Dicamba is toxic to conifer species but is in general less toxic to grasses. [2] Dicamba is a synthetic auxin that functions by increasing plant growth rate, leading to senescence and cell death. [2] [11] The growth regulating properties of dicamba were first discovered by Zimmerman and Hitchcock in 1942. [12]
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the circulatory system and the central nervous system, thus protecting the brain from harmful or unwanted substances in the blood. [1]
Brain trauma or stroke can cause ischemia, in which blood flow is reduced to inadequate levels. Ischemia is followed by accumulation of glutamate and aspartate in the extracellular fluid , causing cell death, which is aggravated by lack of oxygen and glucose .
Thus, protective cells termed astrocytes surround the capillaries in the brain and absorb nutrients from the blood and subsequently transport them to the neurons, effectively isolating the brain from a number of potential chemical insults. [22] Astrocytes surrounding capillaries in the brain to form the blood brain barrier
Cerebral circulation is the movement of blood through a network of cerebral arteries and veins supplying the brain. The rate of cerebral blood flow in an adult human is typically 750 milliliters per minute, or about 15% of cardiac output. Arteries deliver oxygenated blood, glucose and other nutrients to the brain.
The cells of the neurovascular unit also make up the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which plays an important role in maintaining the microenvironment of the brain. [11] In addition to regulating the exit and entrance of blood, the blood–brain barrier also filters toxins that may cause inflammation, injury, and disease. [12]
Carbs get a bad reputation. The popularity of low-carb diets has led many people to limit them or cut out carbs altogether. But carbs are actually great brain food—when you choose the right ones.
Blood flow may increase up to twice the normal flow but no more. If the increased blood flow is sufficient to supply the brain's oxygen needs then no symptoms will result. [6] However, if blood flow cannot be increased or if doubled blood flow does not correct the problem, symptoms of cerebral hypoxia will begin to appear.