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  2. Extraction (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)

    Laboratory-scale liquid-liquid extraction. Photograph of a separatory funnel in a laboratory scale extraction of 2 immiscible liquids: liquids are a diethyl ether upper phase, and a lower aqueous phase. Soxhlet extractor. Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting of the separation of a substance from a matrix. The distribution ...

  3. List of purification methods in chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_purification...

    The process thus in its essence is similar to distillation, however the material which is condensed on the cooler surface then has to be removed mechanically, thus requiring different laboratory equipment. Bioleaching is the extraction of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms. Separation process. From Crystallization

  4. Liquid–liquid extraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid–liquid_extraction

    An example of an ion exchange extraction would be the extraction of americium by a combination of terpyridine and a carboxylic acid in tert-butyl benzene. In this case D Am = k [terpyridine] 1 [carboxylic acid] 3 [H +] −3. Another example is the extraction of zinc, cadmium, or lead by a dialkyl phosphinic acid (R 2 PO 2 H) into a nonpolar ...

  5. Solid-phase extraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-phase_extraction

    Solid-phase extraction (SPE) [1] is a solid-liquid extractive technique, by which compounds that are dissolved or suspended in a liquid mixture are separated, isolated or purified, from other compounds in this mixture, according to their physical and chemical properties. Analytical laboratories use solid phase extraction to concentrate and ...

  6. Leaching (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaching_(chemistry)

    Leaching is a naturally occurring process which scientists have adapted for a variety of applications with a variety of methods. Specific extraction methods depend on the soluble characteristics relative to the sorbent material such as concentration, distribution, nature, and size. [1]

  7. Unit operation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_operation

    An ore extraction process broken into its constituent unit operations (Quincy Mine, Hancock, MI ca. 1900) In chemical engineering and related fields, a unit operation is a basic step in a process. Unit operations involve a physical change or chemical transformation such as separation, crystallization, evaporation, filtration, polymerization ...

  8. Countercurrent distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countercurrent_distribution

    Countercurrent distribution is a separation process that is founded on the principles of liquid–liquid extraction where a chemical compound is distributed (partitioned) between two immiscible liquid phases (oil and water for example) according to its relative solubility in the two phases.

  9. Perstraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perstraction

    Perstraction is the separation technique developed from liquid-liquid extraction. Due to the presence of the membrane a wider selection of extractants can be used, this can include the use of miscible solutions, for example the recovery of ammonia from waste water using sulphuric acid. [3] This process is analogous to pervaporation in some ways ...