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A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to convert RNA genome to DNA, a process termed reverse transcription.Reverse transcriptases are used by viruses such as HIV, COVID-19, and hepatitis B to replicate their genomes, by retrotransposon mobile genetic elements to proliferate within the host genome, and by eukaryotic cells to extend the telomeres at the ends of their linear chromosomes.
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (abbreviated to TERT, or hTERT in humans) is a catalytic subunit of the enzyme telomerase, which, together with the telomerase RNA component (TERC), comprises the most important unit of the telomerase complex. [5] [6] Telomerases are part of a distinct subgroup of RNA-dependent polymerases.
Reverse-transcriptase ... as TDF is a so-called 'prodrug' with the active compound deactivated by a molecular side chain that dissolves in the human body allowing a ...
Through reverse transcription, retrotransposons amplify themselves quickly to become abundant in eukaryotic genomes such as maize (49–78%) [3] and humans (42%). [4] They are only present in eukaryotes but share features with retroviruses such as HIV, for example, discontinuous reverse transcriptase-mediated extrachromosomal recombination. [5] [6]
The molecular composition of the human telomerase complex was determined by Scott Cohen and his team at the Children's Medical Research Institute (Sydney Australia) and consists of two molecules each of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), Telomerase RNA Component (TR or TERC), and dyskerin (DKC1). [15]
Following the reverse transcription the target strand is cleaved and the newly created cDNA is integrated [31] New insertions create short target site duplications (TSDs), and the majority of new inserts are severely 5’-truncated (average insert size of 900bp in humans) and often inverted (Szak et al., 2002).
The resulting DNA can be merged with the DNA genome of the host cell. The main enzyme responsible for synthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called reverse transcriptase. [65] In the case of HIV, reverse transcriptase is responsible for synthesizing a complementary DNA strand (cDNA) to the viral RNA genome.
The reverse transcriptase of HIV-1 has been the main foundation for the development of anti-HIV drugs. [5] The first nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor with in vitro anti-HIV activity was zidovudine. [6] Since zidovudine was approved in 1987, six nucleosides and one nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) have been approved by ...