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Cyanosis is the change of body tissue color to a bluish-purple hue, as a result of decrease in the amount of oxygen bound to the hemoglobin in the red blood cells of the capillary bed. [1] Cyanosis is apparent usually in the body tissues covered with thin skin , including the mucous membranes , lips, nail beds , and ear lobes. [ 1 ]
Blue baby syndrome can refer to conditions that cause cyanosis, or blueness of the skin, in babies as a result of low oxygen levels in the blood. This term has traditionally been applied to cyanosis as a result of:. [1] Cyanotic heart disease, which is a category of congenital heart defect that results in low levels of oxygen in the blood. [2]
[1] Acrocyanosis may be a sign of a more serious medical problem, such as connective tissue diseases and diseases associated with central cyanosis. Other causative conditions include infections, toxicities, antiphospholipid syndrome, cryoglobulinemia, neoplasms. In these cases, the observed cutaneous changes are known as "secondary acrocyanosis".
These occur when a non-myelinating Schwann cell bundles the axons close together by surrounding them. [4] The Schwann cell keeps them from touching each other by squeezing its cytoplasm between the axons. [4] The condition of Remak bundles varies with age. [4] The number of C fiber axons in each Remak bundle varies with location. [3]
Type I cells are often connected via gap junctions, which might allow for quick communication between cells when transducing signals. [6] Type II cells occur in a ratio of about 1 to 4 with type I cells. Their long bodies usually occur in close association with type I cells, though they do not entirely encase type I cells. [6]
Rombo syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner [1] Rombo syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder characterized mainly by atrophoderma vermiculatum of the face, [ 2 ] : 580 multiple milia , telangiectases , acral erythema , [ 3 ] peripheral vasodilation with cyanosis , [ 4 ] and a propensity to develop basal cell carcinomas .
Livedo reticularis is a common skin finding consisting of a mottled reticulated vascular pattern that appears as a lace-like purplish discoloration of the skin. [1] The discoloration is caused by reduction in blood flow through the arterioles that supply the cutaneous capillaries, resulting in deoxygenated blood showing as blue discoloration ().
A peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) is any peripheral blood cell having a round nucleus. [1] These cells consist of lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, NK cells) and monocytes, whereas erythrocytes and platelets have no nuclei, and granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils) have multi-lobed nuclei. In humans, lymphocytes make up ...