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Such states of matter are studied in condensed matter physics. In extreme conditions found in some stars and in the early universe, atoms break into their constituents and matter exists as some form of degenerate matter or quark matter. Such states of matter are studied in high-energy physics.
In bulk, matter can exist in several different forms, or states of aggregation, known as phases, [49] depending on ambient pressure, temperature and volume. [50] A phase is a form of matter that has a relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (such as density, specific heat, refractive index, and so forth).
Forms of matter that are not composed of molecules and are organized by different forces can also be considered different states of matter. Superfluids (like Fermionic condensate) and the quark–gluon plasma are examples. In a chemical equation, the state of matter of the chemicals may be shown as (s) for solid, (l) for liquid, and (g) for gas.
Plasma is called the fourth state of matter after solid, liquid, and gas. [16] [17] [18] It is a state of matter in which an ionized substance becomes highly electrically conductive to the point that long-range electric and magnetic fields dominate its behaviour. [19] [20]
(See state of matter § Glass.) More precisely, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. [1] [2]: 86 [3]: 3 Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition.
The great majority of ordinary matter in the universe is unseen, since visible stars and gas inside galaxies and clusters account for less than 10 percent of the ordinary matter contribution to the mass–energy density of the universe. [125] [126] [127] Ordinary matter commonly exists in four states (or phases): solid, liquid, gas, and plasma ...
The accepted view of scientists is that much of the baryonic matter in the universe exists in this state. [3] When matter becomes sufficiently hot and energetic, it becomes ionized and forms a plasma. This process breaks matter into its constituent particles which includes negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions. [4]
When n = 3, this space is called the three-dimensional Euclidean space (or simply "Euclidean space" when the context is clear). [2] In classical physics , it serves as a model of the physical universe , in which all known matter exists.