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The white ramus communicans (pl.: rami communicantes) from Latin ramus (branch) and communicans (communicating) is the preganglionic sympathetic outflow nerve tract from the spinal cord. Each of the thoracic, and the first and second lumbar nerves contribute a white ramus communicans to the adjoining sympathetic ganglion , unlike the gray rami ...
This stimulates an afferent limb which activates central nervous system pathways that in turn exert two different but synergistic autonomic effects on the body. First, global sympathetic outflow is reduced and, second, vagal outflow is increased.
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for priming the body for action, particularly in situations threatening survival. [16] One example of this priming is in the moments before waking, in which sympathetic outflow spontaneously increases in preparation for action.
The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), also known as the pressor area of the medulla, is a part of the ventrolateral medulla in the brainstem responsible for basal and reflex control of sympathetic activity associated with cardiovascular function. [1]
Sympathetic nerve fibers travel around the tunica media of the artery, secrete neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine into the extracellular fluid surrounding the smooth muscle (tunica media) from the terminal knob of the axon. The smooth muscle cell membranes have α and β-adrenergic receptors for these neurotransmitters.
Sympathetic nervous system, in neurology and neuroscience, a part of the autonomic nervous system; Sympathetic resonance, a harmonic phenomenon wherein a body responds to external vibrations; Sympathetic strings, in music theory, strings on a musical instrument that resonate without contact "Sympathetic", a song by Seether from Disclaimer II
Increased parasympathetic outflow prominently affects the heart, reducing the heart rate or, in extreme cases, completely halting heart beats. This is a common cause of fainting. [3] The parasympathetic nervous system is dominant in situations of rest and relaxation, it has an activating effect on digestive organs and a relieving one on the heart.
[2] [3] In hydrology, a water balance equation can be used to describe the flow of water in and out of a system. A system can be one of several hydrological or water domains, such as a column of soil, a drainage basin, an irrigation area or a city. The water balance is also referred to as a water budget. Developing water budgets is a ...