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The history of paleontology traces the history of the effort to understand the history of life on Earth by studying the fossil record left behind by living organisms. Since it is concerned with understanding living organisms of the past, paleontology can be considered to be a field of biology, but its historical development has been closely tied to geology and the effort to understand the ...
First brass (calamine plus copper process) appears in the middle of first century BC in the Roman Imperium, zircon and tourmalines are not found on ancient art works. The oldest known pills were made of the zinc carbonates hydrozincite (described 1853) and smithsonite (described 1832).
Various pre-Indo-European substrates have been postulated, but remain speculative; the "Pelasgian" and "Tyrsenian" substrates of the Mediterranean world, an "Old European" (which may itself have been an early form of Indo-European), a "Vasconic" substrate ancestral to the modern Basque language, [84] or a more widespread presence of early Finno ...
Bruner et al. (2007) recognize that the characters of the specimen exhibits a mix of early African and later European features, enough to be potentially distinct or, alternatively, considered an ancestral of Homo heidelbergensis. However, they caution other workers that no direct comparisons can yet be made based on fossil record incompleteness ...
Systematic scientific studies of minerals and rocks developed in post-Renaissance Europe. [2] The modern study of mineralogy was founded on the principles of crystallography and microscopic study of rock sections with the invention of the microscope in the 17th century.
The small shelly fauna, small shelly fossils (SSF), or early skeletal fossils (ESF) [1] are mineralized fossils, many only a few millimetres long, with a nearly continuous record from the latest stages of the Ediacaran to the end of the Early Cambrian Period. They are very diverse, and there is no formal definition of "small shelly fauna" or ...
The 14,000 year old Villabruna 1 skeleton from Ripari Villabruna, Italy, is the oldest identified bearer of Y-haplogroup R1b (R1b1a-L754* (xL389,V88)) found in Europe, likely brought in from eastern introgression. [19] The Azilian "Bichon man" skeleton from the Swiss Jura was found to be associated with the WHG lineage.
A brittle star fossil from the Solnhofen Limestone. During the Late Jurassic, this area was an archipelago at the edge of the Tethys Sea.This included placid lagoons that had limited access to the open sea and where salinity rose high enough that the resulting brine could not support life.