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Beauty in ancient Greece (800 – 300 B.C.E.) was referred to as κάλλος. The history of ancient Greek aesthetics spans centuries. Philosophical theories of beauty through this era are proportion, functionality and form. [7]
In terms of female human beauty, a woman whose appearance conforms to these tenets is still called a "classical beauty" or said to possess a "classical beauty", whilst the foundations laid by Greek and Roman artists have also supplied the standard for male beauty and female beauty in western civilization as seen, for example, in the Winged ...
[62] [63] Greek visual art usually showed women as white, much lighter than the typical male. [67] As a goddess of beauty, Aphrodite was usually given very white skin in both graphic and textual art. [37] Whiteness was generally seen as a desirable part of femininity in Ancient Greek culture.
The beauty which is spread over the face of visible nature is an emanation from this spiritual beauty, and is beauty because it symbolizes and expresses the latter. Thus the beauty of a plant resides in its perfect adaptation to its end, a perfection which is an expression of the wisdom of its Creator.
Cosmetics, first used in ancient Rome for ritual purposes, [1] were part of daily life. Some fashionable cosmetics, such as those imported from Germany, Gaul and China, were so expensive that the Lex Oppia tried to limit their use in 189 BCE. [2] These "designer brands" spawned cheap knock-offs that were sold to poorer women. [3]
In his book Oeconominicus, Ancient Greek poet Eubulus in his play Stephanopolides compares lower class and upper-class women, declaring that poor women "are not plastered over with white lead". [10] While it was known the white lead was poisonous, the ancient Greeks were not deterred from applying the face powder to fulfil their beauty standards.
Helen (Ancient Greek: Ἑλένη, romanized: Helénē [a]), also known as Helen of Troy, [2] [3] Helen of Argos, or Helen of Sparta, [4] and in Latin as Helena, [5] was a figure in Greek mythology said to have been the most beautiful woman in the world.
The word canon (from Ancient Greek κανών (kanṓn) 'measuring rod, standard') was first used for this type of rule in Classical Greece, where it set a reference standard for body proportions, to produce a harmoniously formed figure appropriate to depict gods or kings. Other art styles have similar rules that apply particularly to the ...