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The solunar theory is a hypothesis that fish and other animals move according to the location of the moon in comparison to their bodies. [1] The theory was laid out in 1926 by John Alden Knight, but was said to be used by hunters and fishermen long before the time it was published.
The lunar fusilier is targeted by fisheries in all areas in which it occurs. Fishermen use drive-in nets, gillnets, seine nets and fish traps to catch it. The catch is sold as fresh fish. This species is vulnerable to overfishing and has declined in some areas, but in many parts of its range it remains common. [1]
These organisms migrate up into shallower water at dusk to feed on plankton. The layer is deeper when the moon is out, and can become shallower when clouds pass over the moon. [10] Sampling via deep trawling indicates that lanternfish account for as much as 65% of all deep sea fish biomass. [3]
Muskellunge feeding behavior is directly synchronized with the lunar cycle. During both full and new moons, an increase in feeding activity can be attributed to the increase of moonlight, as it most similarly simulates daytime feeding. [18] They spawn in mid- to late spring, somewhat later than northern pike, over shallow, vegetated areas.
Additionally, when the feeding cycle was shifted by 9 hrs in DD, the fish were able to resynchronize their activity rhythms to feeding times. The continuation of the fish's synchronization and adaptation to new feeding times in DD proves that feeding, not light was causing the rhythms in anticipatory activity.
These fish have a diet dominated by zooplankton from midwater while in their schools. They attain sexual maturity quickly and the females have high fecundity. They lay numerous small, pelagic eggs and spawning occurs throughout much of the year. Spawning aggregations form at periods determined by lunar cycles. [5]
Ram feeding and suction feeding are on opposite sides of the feeding spectrum, where extreme ram feeding is when a predator swims over an immobile prey item with open jaws to engulf the prey. Extreme suction feeding is demonstrated by sit-and-wait predators that rely on rapid depression of the jaws to capture prey (e.g., frogfish, Antennariidae).
Triggerfish spawning is timed in relation to lunar cycles, tides, and time of changeover of tides. In relation to lunar cycles, eggs are observed 2–6 days before the full moon and 3–5 days before the new moon. In relation to tides, spawning happens 1–5 days before the spring tide.