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One of Pavlov’s dogs with a saliva-catch container and tube surgically implanted in its muzzle, Pavlov Museum, 2005. The history of animal testing goes back to the writings of the Ancient Greeks in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, with Aristotle (384–322 BCE) and Erasistratus (304–258 BCE) one of the first documented to perform experiments on nonhuman animals. [1]
Animal testing is widely used to aid in research of human disease when human experimentation would be unfeasible or unethical. [26] This strategy is made possible by the common descent of all living organisms, and the conservation of metabolic and developmental pathways and genetic material over the course of evolution. [27]
In 1954, the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) decided to sponsor systematic research on the progress of humane techniques in the laboratory. [2] In October of that year, William Russell, described as a brilliant young zoologist who happened to be also a psychologist and a classical scholar, and Rex Burch, a microbiologist, were appointed to inaugurate a systematic study of ...
The FCOD Animal Testing Policy is endorsed by the Naturewatch Foundation and Cruelty Free International’s Leaping Bunny certification. [2] Companies holding the Leaping Bunny cosmetics and personal care certification are encouraged to use a fixed cut-off date of 11 March 2013, the date on which a full European Union ban on animal testing for ...
The European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes, sometimes simply referred to as the animal experimentation convention or laboratory animals convention, [1] is an animal welfare treaty of the Council of Europe regarding animal testing, adopted on 18 March 1986 in Strasbourg, and effective since 1 January 1991.
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Animal testing regulations are guidelines that permit and control the use of non-human animals for scientific experimentation.They vary greatly around the world, but most governments aim to control the number of times individual animals may be used; the overall numbers used; and the degree of pain that may be inflicted without anesthetic.
The animal-shaped cookies soon made their way across the Atlantic to America, where they. These festive treats may remind you of a day at the circus as a child, but the story of how they came to ...