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In mathematics, a root of unity, occasionally called a de Moivre number, is any complex number that yields 1 when raised to some positive integer power n. Roots of unity are used in many branches of mathematics, and are especially important in number theory , the theory of group characters , and the discrete Fourier transform .
A modest extension of the version of de Moivre's formula given in this article can be used to find the n-th roots of a complex number for a non-zero integer n. (This is equivalent to raising to a power of 1 / n). If z is a complex number, written in polar form as = ( + ),
Often, the most natural proofs for statements in real analysis or even number theory employ techniques from complex analysis (see prime number theorem for an example). A domain coloring graph of the function (z 2 − 1)(z − 2 − i) 2 / z 2 + 2 + 2i . Darker spots mark moduli near zero, brighter spots are farther away from the origin.
Davenport–Schmidt theorem (number theory, Diophantine approximations) Dawson–Gärtner theorem (asymptotic analysis) de Branges's theorem (complex analysis) de Bruijn's theorem (discrete geometry) De Bruijn–Erdős theorem (incidence geometry) De Bruijn–Erdős theorem (graph theory) De Finetti's theorem (probability) De Franchis theorem ...
The complex conjugate root theorem states that if the coefficients of a polynomial are real, then the non-real roots appear in pairs of the form (a + ib, a – ib). It follows that the roots of a polynomial with real coefficients are mirror-symmetric with respect to the real axis.
Carathéodory kernel theorem; Carathéodory's theorem (conformal mapping) Carleson–Jacobs theorem; Carlson's theorem; Casorati–Weierstrass theorem; Cauchy–Hadamard theorem; Cauchy's integral formula; Cauchy's integral theorem; Classification of Fatou components; Complex conjugate root theorem; Corona theorem
It follows from the present theorem and the fundamental theorem of algebra that if the degree of a real polynomial is odd, it must have at least one real root. [2] This can be proved as follows. Since non-real complex roots come in conjugate pairs, there are an even number of them;
Abraham de Moivre was born in Vitry-le-François in Champagne on 26 May 1667. His father, Daniel de Moivre, was a surgeon who believed in the value of education. Though Abraham de Moivre's parents were Protestant, he first attended Christian Brothers' Catholic school in Vitry, which was unusually tolerant given religious tensions in France at the time.