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Septic arthritis is the purulent invasion of a joint by an infectious agent [5] [6] with a resultant large effusion due to inflammation. [7] Septic arthritis is a serious condition. It can lead to irreversible joint damage in the event of delayed diagnosis or mismanagement. It is basically a disease of children and adolescence. [6]
Any joint, including the temporomandibular joints, [11] cervical spine, [12] hips, [13] and tiny joints of the hands and feet, may be impacted. Myalgia and tenosynovitis are two other typical musculoskeletal symptoms. [9] SJIA is characterized by splenic and lymph node enlargements, which can happen separately or simultaneously.
The most commonly involved joint is the knee, but other affected joints may include the ankles, wrists, elbows and others. The anti-nuclear antigen (ANA) is positive in up to 80% of patients with oligoarthritis and is associated with a higher risk of associated eye disease (uveitis), particularly in younger patients. [ 8 ]
[11] [5] In most cases, juvenile arthritis is caused by the body attacking its own healthy cells and tissues, i.e. autoimmunity, causing the joint to become inflamed and stiff. [16] [12] Once the joint has become inflammed and stiff, damage is done to the joint and the growth of the joint may by changed or impaired. [12]
Surgery in the form of joint drainage is the gold standard management in large joints like the hip and shoulder. [2] [5] [8] Without early treatment, long-term joint problems may occur, such as irreversible joint destruction and dislocation. [2]
Joint effusion and limited range of motion are common associated features. It affects primarily large joints, including knee (>50% of cases), elbow, hip, and shoulder. SOC is twice as common in men as women. Some patients have intra-articular bodies resting in stable positions within joint recesses or bursae.
The patellar tap is a technique used in an examination of the knee to test for knee effusion or "water-on-the-knee". [1] With the examinee lying on their back, the examiner extends the knee and presses the area above the kneecap with the palm of one hand. This pushes fluid under the kneecap and lifts it.
Chondrocalcinosis can be visualized on projectional radiography, CT scan, MRI, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine. [1] CT scans and MRIs show calcific masses (usually within the ligamentum flavum or joint capsule), however radiography is more successful. [1]