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A 'countercyclical' fiscal policy takes the opposite approach: reducing spending and raising taxes during a boom period, and increasing spending and cutting taxes during a recession. [ 1 ] Business cycle theory
Among the specific conditions, those who experienced cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes or depression were likely to report higher out-of-pocket expenditure. [8] Some ways to improve physician knowledge of drug costs were thought to be increased physician-patient communication or higher use of information technology.
Within the budgetary process, deficit spending is the amount by which spending exceeds revenue over a particular period of time, also called simply deficit, or budget deficit, the opposite of budget surplus. [1] The term may be applied to the budget of a government, private company, or individual.
A budget surplus means the opposite: in total, the government has removed more money and bonds from private holdings via taxes than it has put back in via spending. Therefore, budget deficits, by definition, are equivalent to adding net financial assets to the private sector, whereas budget surpluses remove financial assets from the private sector.
Theoretically in some cases, particularly when the output gap is low, austerity can have the opposite effect and stimulate economic growth. For example, when an economy is operating at or near capacity, higher short-term deficit spending (stimulus) can cause interest rates to rise, resulting in a reduction in private investment, which in turn ...
In economics, nominal value refers to value measured in terms of absolute money amounts, whereas real value is considered and measured against the actual goods or services for which it can be exchanged at a given time.
It is the opposite of an explicit cost, which is borne directly. [1] In other words, an implicit cost is any cost that results from using an asset instead of renting it out, selling it, or using it differently. The term also applies to foregone income from choosing not to work.
[17] [18] Every payment has a corresponding receipt; that is, every flow of money has a corresponding flow of goods in the opposite direction. [17] [18] As a result, the aggregate expenditure of the economy is identical to its aggregate income, making a circular flow.