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U.S. Gazetteer, TIGER/Line shapefiles, census data. National Historical Geographic Information System: NHGIS provides free of charge, aggregate census data and GIS-compatible boundary files for the United States between 1790 and 2012. Atlas of Historical County Boundaries Project (AHCBP)
Australia's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) was declared on 1 August 1994 and extends from 12 to 200 nautical miles (22 to 370 km) from the coastline of Australia and its external territories, except where a maritime delimitation agreement exists with another state. [1] [2] To the 12 nautical-mile boundary is Australia's territorial waters.
In spatial analysis, four major problems interfere with an accurate estimation of the statistical parameter: the boundary problem, scale problem, pattern problem (or spatial autocorrelation), and modifiable areal unit problem. [1] The boundary problem occurs because of the loss of neighbours in analyses that depend on the values of the neighbours.
Shapefile (GIS) dataset of every sealed and unsealed road in the state, and has been recently created and updated (2013). Data includes road names, route numbers, and class (Highway, Arterial, etc.). The license is CC-BY-3.0-AU, so it can be used to create maps.
The shapefile format was introduced with ArcView GIS version 2 in the early 1990s. It is now possible to read and write geographical datasets using the shapefile format with a wide variety of software. The shapefile format stores the geometry as primitive geometric shapes like points, lines, and polygons.
[12]: 218 A topology rulebase is a list of desired topology rules used to enforce spatial integrity in spaghetti data, such as "county polygons must not overlap" and "state polygons must share boundaries with county polygons." [13] Vector datasets usually represent discrete geographical features, such as buildings, trees, and counties.
South Australia’s eastern border was supposed to follow the 141st meridian, but the first surveyors measured incorrectly. [2] A 70-year border dispute followed, and eventually resulted in the disjointedness of MacCabe Corner, with Victoria using the original incorrect calculation, and New South Wales using the new and correct one. [3]
An example of the way locations are described for Darwin is Darwin International Airport listed as being in "Section 3381, Hundred of Bagot from plan LT089/067A" [21] In Alice Springs, where there are no hundreds or counties, legal documents give the lot number, town and plan number, for example "Lot 8721 Town of Alice Springs, plan(s) LTO96 ...