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Europium is a chemical element; it has symbol Eu and atomic number 63. It is a silvery-white metal of the lanthanide series that reacts readily with air to form a dark oxide coating. Europium is the most chemically reactive, least dense, and softest of the lanthanides. It is soft enough to be cut with a knife.
Europium compounds fluoresce under UV light at 395 nm and 365 nm. [1] Europium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal europium (Eu). In these compounds, europium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as EuCl 3, Eu(NO 3) 3 and Eu(CH 3 COO) 3. Compounds with europium in the +2 oxidation state are also known.
Naturally occurring europium (63 Eu) is composed of two isotopes, 151 Eu and 153 Eu, with 153 Eu being the most abundant (52.2% natural abundance).While 153 Eu is observationally stable (theoretically can undergo alpha decay with half-life over 5.5×10 17 years), 151 Eu was found in 2007 to be unstable and undergo alpha decay. [4]
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Compounds containing promethium (Pm), europium (Eu), ytterbium (Yb), and lutetium (Lu) have not yet been observed. These materials have a two-dimensional character within an orthorhombic crystal structure, with slabs of R Te separated by sheets of pure tellurium.
Europium is exempt of this classification as it has two valence states: Eu 2+ and Eu 3+. [29] Yttrium is grouped as heavy rare-earth element due to chemical similarities. [30] The break between the two groups is sometimes put elsewhere, such as between elements 63 (europium) and 64 (gadolinium). [31]
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Workers exposed to airborne yttrium europium vanadate dust experienced mild eye, skin, and upper respiratory tract irritation—though this may be caused by the vanadium content rather than the yttrium. [10] Acute exposure to yttrium compounds can cause shortness of breath, coughing, chest pain, and cyanosis. [10]