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A Feynman diagram (box diagram) for photon–photon scattering: one photon scatters from the transient vacuum charge fluctuations of the other. Two-photon physics, also called gamma–gamma physics, is a branch of particle physics that describes the interactions between two photons.
A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions. In this type of reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a solid granular material (usually a catalyst) at high enough speeds to suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid.
Strongly interacting massive particles have been proposed as a solution for the ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray problem [4] [5] and the absence of cooling flows in galactic clusters. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Various experiments and observations have set constraints on SIMP dark matter from 1990 onward.
Energetic charged particles cause ionization of the gas along the path of the particle in the same way as in the Wilson cloud chamber, but in this case the ambient electric fields are high enough to precipitate full-scale gas breakdown in the form of sparks at the position of the initial ionization.
In nuclear physics and particle physics, the strong interaction, also called the strong force or strong nuclear force, is a fundamental interaction that confines quarks into protons, neutrons, and other hadron particles. The strong interaction also binds neutrons and protons to create atomic nuclei, where it is called the nuclear force.
The same rotation is applied for all particles within a given collision cell, but the direction (axis) of rotation is statistically independent both between all cells and for a given cell in time. If the structure of the collision grid defined by the positions of the collision cells is fixed, Galilean invariance is violated. It is restored with ...
A thermite reaction using iron(III) oxide. The sparks flying outwards are globules of molten iron trailing smoke in their wake. A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. [1]
In the simplest case, it is composed of electrons and a single species of positive ions, but it may also contain multiple ion species including negative ions as well as neutral particles. Due to its electrical conductivity, a plasma couples to electric and magnetic fields. This complex of particles and fields supports a wide variety of wave ...