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In computational number theory, the index calculus algorithm is a probabilistic algorithm for computing discrete logarithms.Dedicated to the discrete logarithm in (/) where is a prime, index calculus leads to a family of algorithms adapted to finite fields and to some families of elliptic curves.
AP Calculus AB is an Advanced Placement calculus course. It is traditionally taken after precalculus and is the first calculus course offered at most schools except for possibly a regular or honors calculus class.
Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations.
The calculus of variations began with the work of Isaac Newton, such as with Newton's minimal resistance problem, which he formulated and solved in 1685, and later published in his Principia in 1687, [2] which was the first problem in the field to be formulated and correctly solved, [2] and was also one of the most difficult problems tackled by variational methods prior to the twentieth century.
We are free to choose components as infinitesimally small as we wish as long as they remain nonzero. Since the outer product of these terms can be interpreted as a k {\displaystyle k} -volume, a natural way to define a measure is
In mathematics, a functional calculus is a theory allowing one to apply mathematical functions to mathematical operators.It is now a branch (more accurately, several related areas) of the field of functional analysis, connected with spectral theory.
In this variant of the problem, which allows for interesting applications in several contexts, it is possible to devise an optimal selection procedure that, given a random sample of size as input, will generate an increasing sequence with maximal expected length of size approximately . [11] The length of the increasing subsequence selected by ...
In the 1930s Alonzo Church sought to use the logistic method: [a] his lambda calculus, as a formal language based on symbolic expressions, consisted of a denumerably infinite series of axioms and variables, [b] but also a finite set of primitive symbols, [c] denoting abstraction and scope, as well as four constants: negation, disjunction, universal quantification, and selection respectively ...