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Unus testis, nullus testis (lit. ' one witness, no witness ') is a Latin legal phrase describing a rule of the law of evidence. According to this rule, the uncorroborated testimony of one witness should be discounted because it is deemed to be too unreliable to establish a fact. The English equivalent of the phrase is "one man, no man". [1]
Cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testis, is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. The word is from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kryptos) 'hidden' and ὄρχις (orchis) 'testicle'. It is the most common birth defect of the male genital tract. [1]
One testicle not descending into the scrotum during normal embryonic or fetal development (3–4% of 'normal' live births), also known as undescended testis or cryptorchidism. In this case the testis is within the abdominal cavity, somewhere along the normal route of descent – most commonly, within the inguinal canal .
The appendix testis is a Müllerian duct remnant and consists of fibrous tissue and blood vessels within an envelope of columnar epithelium. The appendix testis is attached to the upper pole of the testis and found in the groove between the testis and the epididymis. The appendix epididymis is attached to the head of the epididymis.
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As the scrotum and labia majora form in males and females respectively, the gubernaculum aids in the descent of the gonads (both testes and ovaries). [3] The testes descend to a greater degree than the ovaries and ultimately pass through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. [3] The mechanism of this movement is still debated. [3]
Large testes (macroorchidism) can be a clue to one of the most common causes of inherited generalised learning disability, fragile X syndrome. Stephen Shalet, a leading endocrinologist who works for the Christie Hospital in Manchester, is reported to have told The Observer: "Every endocrinologist should have an orchidometer. It's his stethoscope."
It mainly presents in the genital tract, in regions such as the testis [1] and epididymis. [2] Because of this, researchers had a difficult time concluding that type of tumor has a mesothelial origin. Immunohistochemistry staining of tumor samples show that it is indeed positive for mesothelial-markers (calretinin, WT1, and CK6). [3]