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If the concentration of oxygen increases, pyruvate is instead converted to acetyl CoA, used in the citric acid cycle, and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation. Per glucose, 10 NADH and 2 FADH 2 are produced in cellular respiration for a significant amount of proton pumping to produce a proton gradient utilized by ATP Synthase .
Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide (O − 2) anion radical into normal molecular oxygen (O 2) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). Superoxide is produced as a by-product of oxygen metabolism and, if not regulated, causes many types of cell damage. [2]
, which is often written as , [5] represents the limiting rate approached by the system at saturating substrate concentration for a given enzyme concentration. The Michaelis constant K m {\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {m} }} has units of concentration, and for a given reaction is equal to the concentration of substrate at which the reaction rate is ...
The reaction catalyzed is: ATP + AMP ⇔ 2 ADP. The equilibrium constant varies with condition, but it is close to 1. [1] Thus, ΔG o for this reaction is close to zero. In muscle from a variety of species of vertebrates and invertebrates, the concentration of ATP is typically 7-10 times that of ADP, and usually greater than 100 times that of AMP. [2]
Plot of the % saturation of oxygen binding to haemoglobin, as a function of the amount of oxygen present (expressed as an oxygen pressure). Data (red circles) and Hill equation fit (black curve) from original 1910 paper of Hill. [6] The Hill equation is commonly expressed in the following ways: [2] [7] [8]
The overall reduction reaction from cytochrome b5 reductase aids in the control of iron in red blood cells, which dictates the amount of oxygen cells carry. [3] Cytochromes are redox proteins that are essential for energy transfer in the electron transport chain with the help of an enzyme such as a reductase. Cytochromes are categorized into ...
Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals) which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. [5] It is a very important enzyme in protecting the cell from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Catalase has one of the highest ...
For a given enzyme concentration and for relatively low substrate concentrations, the reaction rate increases linearly with substrate concentration; the enzyme molecules are largely free to catalyse the reaction, and increasing substrate concentration means an increasing rate at which the enzyme and substrate molecules encounter one another.