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Superconductivity was discovered on April 8, 1911, by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who was studying the resistance of solid mercury at cryogenic temperatures using the recently produced liquid helium as a refrigerant. [8] At the temperature of 4.2 K, he observed that the resistance abruptly disappeared. [9]
The history of superconductivity began with Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes's discovery of superconductivity in mercury in 1911. Since then, many other superconducting materials have been discovered and the theory of superconductivity has been developed. These subjects remain active areas of study in the field of condensed matter physics.
It commemorates the Theory of Superconductivity developed here by John Bardeen and his students, for which they won a Nobel Prize for Physics in 1972. Microscopic theory of superconductivity In physics , the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer ( BCS ) theory (named after John Bardeen , Leon Cooper , and John Robert Schrieffer ) is the first ...
In subsequent decades, superconductivity was found in several other materials; In 1913, lead at 7 K, in 1930's niobium at 10 K, and in 1941 niobium nitride at 16 K. In 1933, Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered that superconductors expelled applied magnetic fields, a phenomenon that has come to be known as the Meissner effect.
After further development, Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer showed how this could produce superconductivity, publishing their theory in Physical Reviews in two papers during 1957. [ 4 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] This theory became known as the BCS theory , after the authors' initials, and is widely accepted as the explanation for conventional superconductivity .
John Bardeen (/ b ɑːr ˈ d iː n /; May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) [2] was an American physicist.He is the only person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with Walter Houser Brattain and William Shockley for their invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for their development of the BCS theory.
Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (UK: / ˈ v ɒ l t ə /, US: / ˈ v oʊ l t ə /; Italian: [alesˈsandro ˈvɔlta]; 18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italian chemist and physicist who was a pioneer of electricity and power, [1] [2] [3] and is credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane.
The Meissner superconductivity effect serves as an important paradigm for the generation mechanism of a mass M (i.e., a reciprocal range, := / where h is the Planck constant and c is the speed of light) for a gauge field.