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[4] [5] [6] Stimulant and non-stimulant medications are similarly effective in treating ADHD symptoms. [7] The presence of comorbid (co-occurring) disorders can make finding the right treatment and diagnosis much more complicated, costly, and time-consuming. So it is recommended to assess and simultaneously treat any comorbid disorders.
Dual diagnosis (also called co-occurring disorders (COD) or dual pathology) [1] [2] is the condition of having a mental illness and a comorbid substance use disorder.There is considerable debate surrounding the appropriateness of using a single category for a heterogeneous group of individuals with complex needs and a varied range of problems.
The studies suggest that ADHD diagnosis is prone to subjective analysis. [352] Rates of diagnosis and treatment have increased in both the United Kingdom and the United States since the 1970s. Prior to 1970, it was rare for children to be diagnosed with ADHD, while in the 1970s rates were about 1%. [353]
Methylphenidate is used in the treatment of ADHD; its use in treating depression is not known to have been reported, but it is presumed owing to its psychomotor activating effects and it functioning as a positive reinforcer. There are also reports of methylphenidate being used in the treatment of psychostimulant addiction, in particular cocaine ...
It is difficult to say exactly how many children or adults worldwide have ADHD because different countries have used different ways of diagnosing it, while some do not diagnose it at all. In the UK, diagnosis is based on quite a narrow set of symptoms, and about 0.5–1% of children are thought to have attention or hyperactivity problems.
The National Association for the Dually Diagnosed (NADD) is a non-profit membership organisation founded in 1983 by Dr Robert Fletcher. [1] It provided services and advocation for people who have a dual diagnosis of mental health disorders and developmental disabilities.