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Long division is the standard algorithm used for pen-and-paper division of multi-digit numbers expressed in decimal notation. It shifts gradually from the left to the right end of the dividend, subtracting the largest possible multiple of the divisor (at the digit level) at each stage; the multiples then become the digits of the quotient, and the final difference is then the remainder.
In binary arithmetic, division by two can be performed by a bit shift operation that shifts the number one place to the right. This is a form of strength reduction optimization. For example, 1101001 in binary (the decimal number 105), shifted one place to the right, is 110100 (the decimal number 52): the lowest order bit, a 1, is removed.
It is frequently stated that arithmetic right shifts are equivalent to division by a (positive, integral) power of the radix (e.g., a division by a power of 2 for binary numbers), and hence that division by a power of the radix can be optimized by implementing it as an arithmetic right shift. (A shifter is much simpler than a divider.
Long division in binary is again similar to its decimal counterpart. In the example below, the divisor is 101 2 , or 5 in decimal, while the dividend is 11011 2 , or 27 in decimal. The procedure is the same as that of decimal long division ; here, the divisor 101 2 goes into the first three digits 110 2 of the dividend one time, so a "1" is ...
Caldrini (1491) is the earliest printed example of long division, known as the Danda method in medieval Italy, [4] and it became more practical with the introduction of decimal notation for fractions by Pitiscus (1608).
The common names for negative-base positional numeral systems are formed by prefixing nega-to the name of the corresponding positive-base system; for example, negadecimal (base −10) corresponds to decimal (base 10), negabinary (base −2) to binary (base 2), negaternary (base −3) to ternary (base 3), and negaquaternary (base −4) to ...
Horner's method is a fast, code-efficient method for multiplication and division of binary numbers on a microcontroller with no hardware multiplier. One of the binary numbers to be multiplied is represented as a trivial polynomial, where (using the above notation) a i = 1 {\displaystyle a_{i}=1} , and x = 2 {\displaystyle x=2} .
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