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A hydrofluoric acid burn is a chemical burn from hydrofluoric acid. [1] Where it contacts the skin it results in significant pain, swelling, redness, and skin breakdown. [1] [2] If the fumes are breathed in swelling of the upper airway and bleeding may occur. [2] Complications can include electrolyte, heart, lung, kidney, and neurological ...
Chemical burns may occur through direct contact on body surfaces, including skin and eyes, via inhalation, and/or by ingestion. Substances that diffuse efficiently in human tissue, e.g., hydrofluoric acid , sulfur mustard , and dimethyl sulfate , may not react immediately, but instead produce the burns and inflammation hours after the contact.
Defatting is the chemical dissolving of dermal lipids, from the skin, on contact with defatting agents. This can result in water loss from the affected area and cause the whitening and drying of the skin which may result in cracking , secondary infection and chemical irritant contact dermatitis .
A blister agent (or vesicant), is a chemical compound that causes severe skin, eye and mucosal pain and irritation.They are named for their ability to cause severe chemical burns, resulting in painful water blisters on the bodies of those affected.
However, if contact with the aerosol is prolonged the skin will freeze further and deeper layers of tissue will be affected, causing a more serious burn that reaches the dermis, destroys nerves, and increases the risk of infection and scarring. [6] When the skin thaws, pain and severe discomfort can occur in the affected area. [7]
Treatment depends on the severity of the burn. [2] Superficial burns may be managed with little more than simple pain medication, while major burns may require prolonged treatment in specialized burn centers. [2] Cooling with tap water may help pain and decrease damage; however, prolonged cooling may result in low body temperature.
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Chlorine is a respiratory irritant that attacks mucous membranes and burns the skin. As little as 3.53 ppm can be detected as an odor, and 1000 ppm is likely to be fatal after a few deep breaths. Exposure to chlorine has been limited to 0.5 ppm (8-hour time-weighted average—38-hour week) by the U.S. OSHA . [ 9 ]