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In dental anatomy, the gingival sulcus is an area of potential space between a tooth and the surrounding gingival tissue and is lined by sulcular epithelium. The depth of the sulcus (Latin for groove ) is bounded by two entities: apically by the gingival fibers of the connective tissue attachment and coronally by the free gingival margin .
Gingival sulcus at neck of mammalian tooth Pollen grains of Cercis are sulcate, with reticulate surface. Rotating image of human brain, illustrating the lateral sulcus in the brain . In biological morphology and anatomy , a sulcus ( pl. : sulci ) is a furrow or fissure ( Latin fissura , pl. : fissurae ).
The EA is very strong in a healthy state, acting as a type of seal between the soft gingival tissue and the hard tooth surface. The deepest layer of the JE, or basal layer, undergoes constant and rapid cell division, or mitosis. This process allows a constant coronal migration as the cells die and are shed into the gingival sulcus.
Tobacco smoking impairs phagocytic and chemotactic activities of leukocytes [17] and impedes wound healing, [18] specifically by affecting gingival blood flow. [19] [20] Cigarette smokers are more likely to experience destruction of the alveolar bone and periodontal ligament and are at a higher risk of developing periodontal disease. [21] [22]
The tooth is attached to the surrounding gingival tissue and alveolar bone (C) by fibrous attachments. The gingival fibers (H) run from the cementum (B) into the gingiva immediately apical to the junctional epithelial attachment and the periodontal ligament fibers (I), (J) and (K) run from the cementum into the adjacent cortex of the alveolar bone.
The oral epithelium (E) exists on the other side of the free gingival margin. In dental anatomy, the sulcular epithelium is that epithelium which lines the gingival sulcus. [1] It is apically bounded by the junctional epithelium and meets the epithelium of the oral cavity at the height of the free gingival margin.
In theory, gingival fibers are the protectors against periodontitis, as once they are breached, they cannot be regenerated.When destroyed, the gingival sulcus (labelled G in the diagram) increases in depth apically, allowing more debris and bacteria to remain in intimate contact with the delicate sulcular and junctional epithelia for longer times.
The junctional epithelium is a collar-like band that lies at the base of the gingival sulcus and surrounds the tooth; it demarcates the areas of separation between the free and attached gingiva. The junctional epithelium provides a specialized protective barrier to microorganisms residing around the gingival sulcus. [4]