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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD; part of the spectrum of chronic lung disease of infancy) is a chronic lung disease which affects premature infants. Premature (preterm) infants who require treatment with supplemental oxygen or require long-term oxygen are at a higher risk. [ 1 ]
Chronic lung disease, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, is common in severe RDS. The etiology of BPD is problematic and may be the result of oxygen, overventilation or underventilation. The mortality rate for babies greater than 27 weeks of gestation is less than 20%. [citation needed]
Subsequently, Jen-Tien Wung at Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University developed the bubble CPAP system using short nasal prongs. [6] In 1987 Avery et al. reported large differences in the risk-adjusted incidence of BPD in a comparison of 12 academic neonatal intensive care units in the United States. [ 7 ]
It is closely related to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), differing mainly in the lack of prior ventilatory support. All the initial patients described with Wilson–Mikity syndrome were very low birth weight infants that had no history of mechanical ventilation , yet developed a syndrome that clinically resembled BPD.
In the developed world, overall survival is about 90% while in low-income countries survival rates are about 10%. [191] Some children will adjust well during childhood and adolescence, [180] although disability is more likely nearer the limits of viability. A large study followed children born between 22 and 25 weeks until the age of 6 years old.
A 2023 review found that the overall prognosis for congenital pulmonary airway malformation, when diagnosed prenatally, was excellent. However, if fetal hydrops was present the survival rate dropped. [9] If hydrops had not developed by the 26th week of pregnancy then risk reduced. [10]
Between 2010 and 2014, babies in the United States had an approximately 70% survival rate when born under weight of 500 g (1.10lb), an increase from a 30.8% survival rate between 2006 and 2010. [15] A baby's chances for survival increases 3 to 4 percentage points per day between 23 and 24 weeks of gestation, and about 2 to 3 percentage points ...
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia was first described by Northway in 1967, who outlined the conditions that would lead to the diagnosis. [130] This was later expanded by Bancalari and in 1988 by Shennan, who suggested the need for supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks could predict long-term outcomes. [ 131 ]