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Toll-like receptor 7, also known as TLR7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR7 gene. Orthologs are found in mammals and birds. [ 5 ] It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family and detects single stranded RNA.
The fly response to fungal or bacterial infection occurs through two distinct signalling cascades, one of which is the toll pathway and the other is the immune deficiency pathway. The toll pathway is similar to mammalian TLR signalling, but unlike mammalian TLRs, toll is not activated directly by pathogen-associated molecular patterns .
Activation of various innate immune signaling pathways (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, cGAS, RIG-I, MDA-5) leads to the rapid induction of type I IFNs due to their (mostly) intronless gene structure. [3] [4] The regulatory elements upstream of type I IFN genes differ, allowing differential transcription of type I IFNs in response to stimuli. [5]
Imiquimod stimulates the innate immune system by activating toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), commonly involved in pathogen recognition. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Cells activated by imiquimod via TLR-7 secrete cytokines (primarily interferon-α (IFN-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)). [ 16 ]
The TLR pathway is a part of the innate immune system that recognizes structurally conserved molecular patterns of microbial pathogens, leading to an inflammatory immune response. Tollip interacts with cellular and subcellular membrane compartments such as endosome and lysosome through its C2 domain binding with phosphoinositides. [ 9 ]
TLR7 and TLR9 activate both NF-κB and IRF3 through MyD88-dependent and TRIF-independent pathway, respectively. [8] The human ortholog MYD88 seems to function similarly to mice, since the immunological phenotype of human cells deficient in MYD88 is similar to cells from MyD88 deficient mice.
170744 Ensembl ENSG00000101916 ENSMUSG00000040522 UniProt Q9NR97 P58682 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_016610 NM_138636 NM_133212 NM_001313760 NM_001313761 RefSeq (protein) NP_057694 NP_619542 NP_001300689 NP_001300690 NP_573475 Location (UCSC) Chr X: 12.91 – 12.92 Mb Chr X: 166.03 – 166.05 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Toll-like receptor 8 is a protein that in humans is ...
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) also known as CD283 (cluster of differentiation 283) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR3 gene. [5] TLR3 is a member of the toll-like receptor family of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system.