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Second-impact syndrome (SIS) occurs when the brain swells rapidly, and catastrophically, after a person has a second concussion before symptoms from an earlier one have subsided. This second blow may occur minutes, days, or weeks after an initial concussion, [ 1 ] and even the mildest grade of concussion can lead to second impact syndrome. [ 2 ]
Physiological and psychological factors present before, during, and after the injury are all thought to be involved in the development of PCS. [13] [needs update] Some experts believe post-concussion symptoms are caused by structural damage to the brain or disruption of neurotransmitter systems, resulting from the impact that caused the concussion.
A concussion, also known as a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is a head injury that temporarily affects brain functioning. [8] Symptoms may include headache, dizziness, difficulty with thinking and concentration, sleep disturbances, mood changes, a brief period of memory loss, brief loss of consciousness; problems with balance; nausea; blurred vision; and mood changes.
Twenty-one athletes had a history of concussion and 22 did not. Concussed athletes had their last injury at least nine months before the MRI scans, and half were 26 months or more post-concussion.
But the recovery time can vary. Up to about 1/3 of people experience persisting symptoms after concussion (PHAC) or persistent post concussion symptoms (PPAC), defined as symptoms that last more than 4 weeks. [5] [6] [7] After an injury, concussion symptoms can begin immediately or be and delayed by 1-2 days at most. [8]
After being recommended to try neurotherapy by her sports psychologist, Glenn found that it worked to calm her sympathetic nervous system by training her brain to automatically calm down.