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Mode locking is a technique in optics by which a laser can be made to produce pulses of light of extremely short duration, on the order of picoseconds (10 −12 s) or femtoseconds (10 −15 s). A laser operated in this way is sometimes referred to as a femtosecond laser , for example, in modern refractive surgery .
Kerr-lens mode-locking (KLM) is a method of mode-locking lasers via the nonlinear optical Kerr effect. This method allows the generation of pulses of light with a duration as short as a few femtoseconds. The optical Kerr effect is a process which results from the nonlinear response of an optical medium to the electric field of an ...
Fourier domain mode locking (FDML) is a laser modelocking technique that creates a continuous wave, wavelength-swept light output. [ 1 ] A Fourier domain mode locked laser consists of a ring cavity of length L {\displaystyle L} with tunable optical bandpass filter and gain element.
Semiconductor saturable absorbers were used for laser mode-locking as early as 1974 when p-type germanium was used to mode lock a CO 2 laser which generated pulses of around 500 picoseconds. Modern SESAMs are III-V semiconductor single quantum well (SQW) or multiple quantum wells grown on semiconductor distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs).
The Pound–Drever–Hall (PDH) technique is a widely used and powerful approach for stabilizing the frequency of light emitted by a laser by means of locking to a stable cavity. The PDH technique has a broad range of applications including interferometric gravitational wave detectors , atomic physics , and time measurement standards , many of ...
A mode-locked laser is capable of emitting extremely short pulses on the order of tens of picoseconds down to less than 10 femtoseconds.These pulses will repeat at the round trip time, that is, the time that it takes light to complete one round trip between the mirrors comprising the resonator.
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Q-switching, sometimes known as giant pulse formation or Q-spoiling, [1] is a technique by which a laser can be made to produce a pulsed output beam. The technique allows the production of light pulses with extremely high peak power, much higher than would be produced by the same laser if it were operating in a continuous wave (constant output) mode.