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Beta blockers vary in their lipophilicity (fat solubility) and in turn in their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier and exert effects in the central nervous system. [76] Beta blockers with greater blood–brain barrier permeability can have both neuropsychiatric therapeutic benefits and side effects, as well as adverse cognitive effects ...
The Cleveland Clinic classified beta blockers into two categories, cardioselective and nonselective, according to its website. The latter is for medicines that block the B1 receptors found in the ...
Bisoprolol, sold under the brand name Zebeta among others, is a beta blocker which is selective for the beta-1 receptor [7] and used for cardiovascular diseases, [7] including tachyarrhythmias, high blood pressure, angina, and heart failure. [7] [8] It is taken by mouth. [7]
Antihypertensive agents comprise multiple classes of compounds that are intended to manage hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy aims to maintain a blood pressure goal of <140/90 mmHg in all patients, as well as to prevent the progression or recurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in hypertensive patients with established CVD. [2]
Crude mortality rate refers to the number of deaths over a given period divided by the person-years lived by the population over that period. It is usually expressed in units of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year. The list is based on CIA World Factbook 2023 estimates, unless indicated otherwise.
The findings indicate the drugs could be considered as a way to manage aggression and hostility in people with psychiatric conditions.
The elimination of atenolol is slowed in renal impairment, with the elimination rate being closely related to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and with significant accumulation occurring when the creatinine clearance rate is under 35 mL/min/1.73 m 2. [4] At a GFR of less than 10 mL/min, the half-life of atenolol increases up to 36 hours. [6]
Labetalol is often classified as a beta blocker with low lipophilicity and hence lower potential for crossing the blood–brain barrier and blood–placenta barrier. [ 17 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] This in turn may result in fewer effects in the central nervous system as well as a lower risk of neuropsychiatric side effects. [ 17 ]