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Shielding: Sources of radiation can be shielded with solid or liquid material, which absorbs the energy of the radiation. The term 'biological shield' is used for absorbing material placed around a nuclear reactor, or other source of radiation, to reduce the radiation to a level safe for humans.
Lead shielding refers to the use of lead as a form of radiation protection to shield people or objects from radiation so as to reduce the effective dose. Lead can effectively attenuate certain kinds of radiation because of its high density and high atomic number ; principally, it is effective at stopping gamma rays and x-rays .
Electromagnetic shielding that blocks radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation is also known as RF shielding. EMF shielding serves to minimize electromagnetic interference . The shielding can reduce the coupling of radio waves, electromagnetic fields, and electrostatic fields .
Faraday cage demonstration on volunteers in the Palais de la Découverte in Paris EMI shielding around an MRI machine room Faraday shield at a power plant in Heimbach, Germany. A Faraday cage or Faraday shield is an enclosure used to block some electromagnetic fields.
The shielding effect can be defined as a reduction in the effective nuclear charge on the electron cloud, due to a difference in the attraction forces on the electrons in the atom. It is a special case of electric-field screening .
Unprotected experiments in the U.S. in 1896 with an early X-ray tube (Crookes tube), when the dangers of radiation were largely unknown.[1]The history of radiation protection begins at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries with the realization that ionizing radiation from natural and artificial sources can have harmful effects on living organisms.